History of the emergence of in silico medicine

Abstract

This document contains a hard-evidence-based historical account of the emergence of the scientific, technological and gradually medical discipline of in silico medicine. It also identifies the "father of in silico medicine" based on solid and credible data. The document/report was created exclusively by Google’s Gemini – Deep Research generative Artificial Intelligence (genAI) platform on 19 March 2025. Following a thorough and independent validation, the content of the document was endorsed by Georgios S. Stamatakos on 22 March 2025. Georgios S. Stamatakos is research professor of analysis and simulation of biological systems at the Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece. He has also been a visiting professor at the Medical School, University of Saarland, Germany (1/7-15/9 2019). G. Stamatakos is the founder and the director of the In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, ICCS-ECE-NTUA (www.in-silico-oncology.iccs.ntua.gr). He holds an MSc degree in electrical engineering from NTUA, an MSc degree in bioengineering from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, and a Ph.D. degree in physics (biophysics) from NTUA. He has been a postdoctoral fellow in medical technology at ICCS-NTUA. He is globally acknowledged as the "father of in silico medicine", since he introduced and demonstrated, inter alia, the concept of in silico medicine - through its paradigmatic form of in silico radiation oncology - in Proceedings of the IEEE in 2002 [1], [2], [3]. He led the development of the first oncosimulators (first digital/virtual twins in oncology and beyond) [2], [3]. He participated in the US research project "Center for the Development of a Virtual Tumor (CViT)" (Project # 5U56CA113004-03, NIH-NCI, led by Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School), where he presented the "Clinical Oncosimulator" on 10 April 2007 [2], [3]. He led the development of the "Technologically Integrated Oncosimulator" (TIO) in the framework of the European Commission (EC) and Japan funded project ACGT [2], [3]. TIO was recognized as a "world first" by the EC [2], [3]. He coordinated the "excellent" large scale EC funded EU-US project CHIC on hypermodeling and artificial intelligence (AI) for in silico oncology, of which the outcomes were designated as “great achievements” by the EC [2], [3]. He was one of the two editors and one of the co-authors of the transatlantic (US-EU) textbook titled “Multiscale Cancer Modeling” and published in 2010/2011 (https://www.routledge.com/Multiscale-Cancer-Modeling/DeisboeckStamatakos/p/book/9781032919249). In silico oncology is one of its highlights. He introduced the globally first university course on in silico medicine [2], [3]. He served as a Member of the Board of Trustees of the Virtual Physiological Human Institute (now VPH - The Society for In Silico Medicine). He is Co-chair of the Cancer and In Silico Oncology Task Force of the Avicenna Alliance - Association for Predicitive Medicine. He is a member of the IEEE and the Technical Chamber of Greece. G. Stamatakos is Editor of Scientific Reports - Nature Partfolio and Associate Editor of Frontiers in Physiology - Computational Physiology and Medicine section. He serves as an expert evaluator for the EC with respect to research proposals submitted to the EC for funding. His research interests include, inter alia, in silico medicine, in silico oncology, in silico psycho-oncology, multiscale cancer modelling, digital twins, virtual twins and artificial intelligence. Open Access References [1] Stamatakos, G. (2026). In Silico Radiation Oncology by Stamatakos et al in Proceedings of the IEEE 2002 – The foundational paper of in silico medicine as a discipline – Open Access Accepted Manuscript. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18317235 [2] Stamatakos, G. (2025, August 26). In silico medicine and digital twins through the foundational paradigm of in silico oncology: Historical landmarks and current evolutionary status. Avicenna Alliance - Association for Predictive Medicine Webinar of 26 Aug, 2025 (slides). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18327123 [3] The video of the Avicenna Alliance - Association for Predictive Medicine webinar lecture of G. S. Stamatakos (2025) is openly accessible at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibPPCy-Z3yo&t=5s Further substantiated information on the globally acknowledged father of in silico medicine in conjunction with the emergence of the discipline is available through the following open access documents: (i) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1khKt53CicwrtyUfXR-U1CkZTf4i7wehU/view (ii) https://drive.google.com/file/d/15Egph30yq2-B2yMR0kXDhYI9sR7UK5Yn/view (iii) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WIeQay1DBdae4phyoMvYvyiM5pGLRzZK/view VPH2026 Conference G. Stamatakos will be Chair of the session "In Silico Oncology" at the conference VPH2026 (Virtual Physiological Human 2026) in Milan, Italy (1-4 September 2026). More information is available at: Stamatakos, G. (2026). VPH 2026 - 9th International Conference on the Virtual Physiological Human. Milan 1-4 September 2026 - Track: IN SILICO ONCOLOGY - CALL FOR ABSTRACTS. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18399006

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