History of the emergence of in silico medicine

Abstract

This document contains a hard-evidence-based historical account of the emergence of the scientific, technological and gradually medical discipline of in silico medicine. It also identifies the "father of in silico medicine" based on solid and credible data. The document/report was created exclusively by Google’s Gemini – Deep Research generative Artificial Intelligence (genAI) platform on 19 March 2025. Following a thorough and independent validation, the content of the document was endorsed by Georgios S. Stamatakos on 22 March 2025. Georgios S. Stamatakos is research professor of analysis and simulation of biological systems at the Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National Technical University of Athens (NTUA). He has also been a visiting professor at the Medical School, Saarland University, Germany (1/7-15/9 2019). G. Stamatakos is the founder and the director of the In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, ICCS-ECE-NTUA ( www.in-silico-oncology.iccs.ntua.gr ). He holds an MSc degree in electrical engineering from NTUA, an MSc degree in bioengineering from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, and a Ph.D. degree in physics (biophysics) from NTUA. He has also been a postdoctoral fellow in medical technology at ICCS-NTUA . He is globally acknowledged as the "father of in silico medicine" since he introduced and demonstrated, inter alia, the concept of in silico medicine, through its paradigmatic form of in silico radiation oncology, in Proceedings of the IEEE in 2002 [1], [2], [3]. He led the development of the first oncosimulators (first digital/virtual twins in oncology and beyond) [2], [3]. He coordinated the excellent large scale EC project CHIC (on in silico oncology), of which the outcomes were designated by EC as “great achievements” [2], [3]. He introduced the globally first university course on in silico medicine. [2], [3]. He served as a Member of the Board of Trustees of the Virtual Physiological Human Institute (now VPH - The Society for In Silico Medicine). He is Co-chair of the Cancer and In Silico Oncology Task Force of the Avicenna Alliance - Association for Predicitive Medicine. His research interests include, inter alia, in silico medicine, in silico oncology, multiscale cancer modelling, digital twins, virtual twins and artificial intelligence. References [1] Stamatakos, G. (2026). In Silico Radiation Oncology by Stamatakos et al in Proceedings of the IEEE 2002 – The foundational paper of in silico medicine as a discipline – Open Access Accepted Manuscript. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18317236 [2] Stamatakos, G. (2025, August 26). In silico medicine and digital twins through the foundational paradigm of in silico oncology: Historical landmarks and current evolutionary status. Avicenna Alliance - Association for Predictive Medicine Webinar of 26 Aug, 2025 (slides). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18327124 [3] The video of the Avicenna Alliance - Association for Predictive Medicine webinar lecture of G. S. Stamatakos (2025) is openly accessible at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibPPCy-Z3yo&t=5s

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