History of the emergence of in silico medicine

Abstract

This document contains a hard-evidence-based formal historical account of the emergence of the scientific, technological and gradually medical discipline of in silico medicine. It also identifies the "father of in silico medicine" based on solid and credible data. The document/report was created exclusively by Google’s Gemini – Deep Research generative Artificial Intelligence (genAI) platform on 19 March 2025. Following a thorough and independent validation, the content of the document was endorsed by Georgios S. Stamatakos on 22 March 2025. It is noted that the various versions of this Zenodo record differ only with regard to the progressive addition of metadata and not to the alteration of the article itself, which remains exactly the same across all versions. A short curriculum vitae of Georgios S. Stamatakos, the father of in silico medicine Georgios S. Stamatakos is research professor of analysis and simulation of biological systems at the Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-477X). He has also been a visiting professor at the Medical School, University of Saarland, Germany (1/7-15/9 2019). G. Stamatakos is the founder and the director of the In Silico Oncology and In Silico Medicine Group, ICCS-ECE-NTUA (www.in-silico-oncology.iccs.ntua.gr). He holds an MSc degree in electrical engineering from NTUA, an MSc degree in bioengineering from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, and a Ph.D. degree in physics (biophysics) from NTUA. He has been a postdoctoral fellow in medical technology at ICCS-NTUA. He is globally acknowledged as the "father of in silico medicine", since he introduced and demonstrated, inter alia, the concept of in silico medicine - through its paradigmatic form of in silico radiation oncology - in the top-tier journal "Proceedings of the IEEE" in 2002 [1], [2], [3]. He led the development of the first oncosimulators (first digital twins/virtual human twins in oncology and beyond) [2], [3]. He participated in the US research project "Center for the Development of a Virtual Tumor (CViT)" [Project # 5U56CA113004-03, NIH-NCI, led by Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School (HMS)], where he presented the "Clinical Oncosimulator" on 10 April 2007 [2], [3]. He led the development of the "Technologically Integrated Oncosimulator" (TIO) in the framework of the European Commission (EC) and Japan funded research project ACGT [2], [3]. TIO was recognized as a "world first" by the EC [2], [3]. He coordinated the "excellent" large scale EC funded EU-US project CHIC on mechanistic multiscale hypermodeling and artificial intelligence (AI) for in silico oncology, of which the outcomes were designated as “great achievements” by the EC [2], [3]. He was one of the two initiators, scientific organizers and chairs of the First Transatlantic Workshop on Multiscale Cancer Modeling. in 2008. The two organizers were members of MGH-HMS (MD) and NTUA (PhD). The workashop was technically co-organized by the European Commission and the National Cancer Institute - NIH, USA, in Brussels (EC, Charlemagne building). [The video of G. Stamatakos's opening lecture for the entire event, with special emphasis on in silico oncology, is openly available at https://ecancer.org/en/video/105-fundamentals-of-multiscale-modelling] [2], [3]. He was one of the two editors and one of the co-authors of the transatlantic (US-EU) multiauthored textbook titled “Multiscale Cancer Modeling”, published in 2010/2011 (https://www.routledge.com/Multiscale-Cancer-Modeling/DeisboeckStamatakos/p/book/9781032919249). In silico oncology is one of the book's highlights. He introduced the globally first university course on in silico medicine in 2014 [2], [3]. He wrote the "History of the Emergence of In Silico Medicine", using independently verified text produced by generative artificial intelligence (genAI) in 2026 [DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18328392]. He served as a Member of the Board of Trustees of the Virtual Physiological Human Institute (now VPH - The Society for In Silico Medicine). He is Co-chair of the Cancer and In Silico Oncology Task Force of the Avicenna Alliance - Association for Predicitive Medicine. He is a member of the IEEE and the Technical Chamber of Greece. G. Stamatakos is Editor of Scientific Reports - Nature Portfolio and Associate Editor of Frontiers in Physiology - Computational Physiology and Medicine section. He serves as an expert evaluator for the EC with respect to research proposals submitted to the EC for funding. His research interests include, inter alia, in silico medicine, in silico oncology, in silico psycho-oncology, multiscale cancer modelling, digital twins, virtual human twins and artificial intelligence. Open Access References [1] Stamatakos, G. (2026). In Silico Radiation Oncology by Stamatakos et al in Proceedings of the IEEE 2002 – The foundational paper of in silico medicine as a discipline – Open Access Accepted Manuscript. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18317235 [2] Stamatakos, G. (2025, August 26). In silico medicine and digital twins through the foundational paradigm of in silico oncology: Historical landmarks and current evolutionary status - A Lecture by G. Stamatakos, the Father of In Silico Medicine. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18327123 [3] The video of the Avicenna Alliance - Association for Predictive Medicine webinar lecture of G. S. Stamatakos (2025) is openly accessible at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibPPCy-Z3yo&t=5s Additional illustrative resources Further substantiated information on the globally acknowledged father of in silico medicine in conjunction with the emergence of the discipline is available through the following open access reports: (i) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1khKt53CicwrtyUfXR-U1CkZTf4i7wehU/view (ii) https://drive.google.com/file/d/15Egph30yq2-B2yMR0kXDhYI9sR7UK5Yn/view (iii) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WIeQay1DBdae4phyoMvYvyiM5pGLRzZK/view

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