Medical large language models and systems in the clinical application of spinal diseases: Current status, challenges, and future prospects

Abstract

: The translational potential of this article lies in its provision of a comprehensive roadmap and practical framework for implementing artificial intelligence in spinal surgery. It systematically synthesizes core application scenarios for large language models-including clinical documentation assistance and preoperative planning-while explicitly addressing four critical challenges requiring resolution for successful clinical integration: regulatory compliance, data privacy protection, algorithmic bias mitigation, and workflow integration. It establishes an actionable foundation for collaborative efforts among clinicians, developers, and policymakers to deploy safe, effective, and compliant AI tools in spinal care.

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