Artificial Intelligence and International Law: Legal Implications of AI Development and Global Regulation

Abstract

This paper examines the legal implications of artificial intelligence (AI) development within the framework of public international law. Employing a doctrinal and comparative legal methodology, it surveys the principal international and regional regulatory instruments currently governing AI — including the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act, the OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence, and UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence — alongside national frameworks in Uzbekistan, the United States, and China. The paper further analyses the unresolved question of AI's legal personhood and liability, using the landmark Fraley v. Facebook (2015) biometric data case as illustrative jurisprudence. Findings indicate that no jurisdiction currently recognises AI as an independent legal subject; liability continues to rest with human developers, operators, and users. The paper concludes that a single binding multilateral instrument is necessary to address jurisdictional fragmentation, protect digital human rights, and anticipate future technological developments.

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