Critical Review of Dental Education in Pakistan and A Proposed Way Forward: An AI-Integrated BDS Curriculum for Global Competence

Abstract

Objective: The objectives of this conceptual review are to: (1) characterize the structural, pedagogical and technological attributes of the existing curriculum; (2) delineate deficiencies relative to global standards, with emphasis on AI literacy, faculty capacity and assessment approaches; and (3) outline a comprehensive, sustainable AI-integrated curriculum model informed by Systems Theory and principles of precision education. Study Design: Systematic Review. Methodology: A structured search was performed across major scholarly databases—PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ERIC. The search targeted three central domains: artificial intelligence in health professions education, precision-based learning approaches and advanced assessment models. Only English-language publications from 2010 to 2025 were included to ensure relevance. Results: Based on these insights, an enhanced curriculum design is proposed for one university and its affiliated institutions, incorporating forward-looking educational strategies such as precision learning, entrepreneurial skill development, inter-professional education (IPE), programmatic assessment and digital simulation. Conclusion: Collectively, these elements form an integrated framework intended to cultivate graduates who are proficient in AI-supported dental practice and equipped to meet the evolving demands of contemporary oral healthcare across global contexts.

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