Artificial Intelligence Devices for Image Analysis in Digital Pathology

Abstract

Abstract B ackground There is increasing momentum behind the clinical implementation of AI-based software for image analysis in digital pathology. As regulations, standards, and national approaches to the clinical use of AI continue to develop, the marketplace of AI products is expanding and evolving – presenting pathologists with a multitude of devices that offer the potential to improve pathology services. M ethods To maintain pace with this changing AI device landscape, we conducted a comprehensive search for, and analysis of, commercial AI products for image analysis in digital pathology. This included CE-marked and Research Use Only (RUO) products using images with histological stains (e.g., H&E) or immunohistochemical (IHC) labelling. Product information and published clinical validation studies were assessed, to understand the quality of supporting evidence on available products, and product details were compiled into a public register: https://osf.io/gb84r/overview . R esults In total, we identified and assessed 90 CE-marked and 227 RUO AI products. We found that AI products for cancer detection in prostate and breast pathology comprised a substantial portion of the marketplace for H&E image analysis, while IHC products were almost exclusively for use in breast cancer. Clinical validation studies on these products have steadily increased; however, we found that published studies were only available for just over half of H&E products and just over a quarter of IHC products. For CE-marked products, the dataset quality and diversity for AI model performance validation was highly variable, and particularly limited for IHC products. Furthermore, only a limited number of products included studies that assessed measures of clinical utility. C onclusion As clinical deployment of AI products for image analysis in histopathology grows, there is a need for transparency, rigorous validation, and clear evidence supporting clinical utility and cost-effectiveness. Independent scrutiny of the expanding offering of AI products provides insight into the opportunities and shortcomings in this domain.

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